Separators and mixers for delivering controlled-quality solar-generated steam over long distances for enhanced oil recovery, and associated systems and methods

ABSTRACT

Separators and mixers for delivering controlled-quality solar-generated steam over long distances for enhanced oil recovery, and associated systems and methods. A representative method includes heating water to steam at a solar field, separating a liquid fraction from the steam, directing the steam toward a target steam user via a first, steam conduit, and directing the liquid fraction toward the target steam user in parallel with the steam via second, liquid fraction conduit. The method can further include mixing the liquid fraction and the steam before delivering the combined liquid fraction and steam to the target user.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims priority to co-pending U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/289,644, filed on Feb. 1, 2016 and incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Separators and mixers for delivering controlled-quality solar-generatedsteam over long distances, and associated systems and methods aredisclosed. In particular embodiments, wet steam steam is separated intoa vapor fraction flow (e.g., a dry steam flow) and a liquid fractionflow, each of which is directed to a target user (e.g., an enhanced oilrecovery operation), where the flows can be re-combined prior to use.

BACKGROUND

As fossil fuels become more scarce, the energy industry has developedmore sophisticated techniques for extracting fuels that were previouslytoo difficult or expensive to extract. One such technique is to injectsteam into an oil-bearing formation to free up and reduce the viscosityof the oil. Several techniques for steam injection presently exist, andare often referred to collectively as “Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery,”or “Thermal EOR.” Representative steam injection techniques includecyclic, steamflood, steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), and otherstrategies using vertical and/or horizontal injection wells, or acombination of such wells, along with continuous, variable-rate, and/orintermittent steam injection in each well.

One representative system for generating steam for steam injection is afuel-fired boiler, having a once-through configuration or arecirculating configuration. Other steam generating systems include heatrecovery steam generators, operating in a continuous mode. Thermal EORoperations often produce steam 24 hours per day, over a period rangingfrom many days to many years, which consumes a significant amount offuel. Accordingly, another representative steam generator is a solarsteam generator, which can augment or replace fuel-fired boilers. Solarsteam generators can reduce fuel use, reduce operations costs, reduceair emissions, and/or increase oil production in thermal recoveryprojects. Solar steam generators, due to the necessarily large land arearequired for solar collectors, may be located at some distance from thepoint of use of the steam; as a result long interconnecting lines may berequired. Solar steam generators necessarily deliver steam at varyingflow rates as incoming sunshine varies. A challenge with such systems isthat it can be difficult to maintain proper steam conditions in steamdistribution lines in light of the varying output provided by the solarsteam generator. Accordingly, there remains a need in the industry forsystems and methods that reliably maintain steam conditions despite suchvariations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a partially schematic illustration of a solar fieldconfigured to deliver steam to a target user in accordance with anembodiment of the present technology.

FIG. 1B is a partially schematic illustration of a solar fieldconfigured to deliver steam to a target user via multiple steam lines inaccordance with another embodiment of the present technology.

FIG. 1C is a partially schematic illustration of a system for separatinga vapor fraction of steam (e.g., dry steam) from a liquid fraction, andoptionally recombining the vapor fraction and liquid fractions prior todelivery to a target user, in accordance with still another embodimentof the present technology.

FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate further details of a system having an overallarrangement generally similar to that described above with reference toFIG. 1C, configured in accordance with an embodiment of the presenttechnology.

FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate the results of a simulation of a solar fieldoutput with a single output line, and with two output lines, one for avapor fraction and one for a liquid fraction, during a high output day(FIG. 3A), an average output day (FIG. 3B), and a low output day (FIG.3C).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present technology is directed generally to separators and mixersfor delivering controlled-quality solar-generated steam over longdistances, and associated systems and methods. By definition, steam atless than 100% quality has a gas or vapor component and a liquidcomponent. As used herein, “gas” and “vapor” are synonymous, and referto the gaseous phase of a substance (e.g., water). At some (relativelyhigher) flow velocities, the liquid component is entrained as dropletswithin the flowing gas or vapor. At some (relatively lower) flowvelocities, separation of the liquid and vapor fractions may occur.Separated liquid fractions are undesirable, as problems arise, includingbut not limited to, incorrect instrument readings and/or damage to thesteam distribution system from “water hammer” as liquid fractions mayflow as “slugs”. These problems may be particularly significant inconduits carrying steam over long distances, as pressure drop riseslinearly with conduit length for a given conduit diameter and flow rate.To mitigate excessive pressure drop, a common design practice is to usesteam lines of larger diameter, reducing flow velocity and associatedpressure drop. Thus, for the same mass of steam, flow velocities arelower than they would be in a smaller diameter conduit. The lower flowvelocity at low mass flow rates further increases the propensity forliquid-vapor separation.

In particular embodiments of the present technology, representativesystems and methods include separating steam having a quality of lessthan 100% into a gas or vapor component (e.g., dry, non-superheatedsteam) and a liquid component. The vapor and liquid components are thenseparately directed to a target user, e.g., a power generation facility,an enhanced oil recovery facility, a process heat user and/or anothersuitable industrial facility. In one embodiment, the two flows arere-mixed or re-combined to obtain the proper steam quality, prior to useat the facility. The steam is then used for enhanced oil recovery,generating electrical power and/or other industrial processes. Becausethe separated vapor fraction contains few or no entrained liquiddroplets, it is less likely to separate at low flow velocities. Low flowvelocities often occur during solar steam generation, e.g., at thebeginning and end of the day when the sun is low, and during periods ofcloud cover. Accordingly, as will be described in further detail below,separating and re-mixing the vapor and liquid components can preventdamage to the steam distribution network and provide for a more reliablelevel of steam quality, despite the variations in the amount of steamproduced by the solar steam generator.

Particular embodiments are described below in the context of steamgenerated for enhanced oil recovery operations. In other embodiments,the steam may be used for electrical power generation, process heat,and/or other uses. Many embodiments of the technology described belowmay take the form of computer- or controller-executable instructions,including routines executed by a programmable computer or controller.Those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that the technologycan be practiced on computer/controller systems other than those shownand described below. The technology can be embodied in a special-purposecomputer, controller or data processor that is specifically programmed,configured or constructed to perform one or more of thecomputer-executable instructions described below. Accordingly, the terms“computer” and “controller” as generally used herein refer to any dataprocessor and can include Internet appliances and hand-held devices(including palm-top computers, wearable computers, cellular or mobilephones, multi-processor systems, processor-based or programmableconsumer electronics, network computers, mini computers and the like).Information handled by these computers can be presented at any suitabledisplay medium, including a CRT display or LCD.

The technology can also be practiced in distributed environments, wheretasks or modules are performed by remote processing devices that arelinked through a communications network. In a distributed computingenvironment, program modules or subroutines may be located in local andremote memory storage devices. Aspects of the technology described belowmay be stored or distributed on computer-readable media, includingmagnetic or optically readable or removable computer disks, as well asdistributed electronically over networks. Data structures andtransmissions of data particular to aspects of the technology are alsoencompassed within the scope of the embodiments of the presenttechnology.

FIG. 1A is a partially schematic illustration of a first system 100 aconfigured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology.The overall system 100 a can include a solar field 110 that receiveswater from a working fluid supply 119, heats the water to steam, anddelivers the steam to a target user 170 via a steam conduit 118. Thesolar field 110 can accordingly include an inlet 111 via which waterenters from the working fluid supply 119. At the solar field 110, one ormore concentrators 113 focus incoming solar radiation on correspondingreceivers 114 (e.g., elongated conduits) to heat the incoming water tosteam. The steam is provided to the steam conduit 118 via an outlet 112.

The rate at which steam is produced by the solar field 110 is variable,e.g., due to variations in solar insolation that occur naturally overthe course of a 24 hour period. Solar insolation is typically measuredas Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) and varies from zero (at night) to apeak value (typically at or around noon). Solar insolation also variesas a function of cloud cover, weather patterns, and season (e.g., due tothe changing angle of inclination of the earth's axis relative to thesun). As a result of the foregoing variations, the system 100 a caninclude an additional steam source 171 to supplement the steam providedby the solar field 110. In a representative embodiment, the additionalsteam source 171 can include a fuel-fired steam generator that burnshydrocarbon fuel (e.g., natural gas) to supplement the steam provided bythe solar field 110. A header 161 allows steam from the solar field 110and/or the additional steam source 171 to be directed to the target user170.

In at least some embodiments, the solar field 110 can be positioned asignificant distance L from the target user 170. For example, in someembodiments, L can range from hundreds of meters to multiple kilometers.In particular embodiments, L can have values of 100 meters, 200 meters,500 meters, 1000 meters, 2000 meters, or more, depending, for example onthe nature of the target user. For example, when the target userincludes an oil field, L can have values toward the higher end of thoselisted above, so that the solar field does not interfere with theability to place oil extraction wells and/or steam injection wells wherethey are expected to produce significant oil output. These longdistances can present challenges to transporting steam without excessiveloss of pressure or heat while maintaining mixed gas-liquid flow. Inparticular, the steam conduit 118 may require insulation to prevent thesteam from cooling significantly over the distance L. Also, the steamconduit 118 may be required to be of a relatively larger diameter (toreduce the flow velocity and accompanying pressure drop per unitdistance), than would be used for a shorter steam transport distance.Maintaining proper steam characteristics—mixed gas/liquid flow—withinthe steam line becomes challenging due to variations in the steam flowrate. For example, the diameter of the steam conduit 118 may be selectedto carry the peak flow rate of steam at a target steam quality level(e.g., 80%) at a low enough velocity to reduce pressure drop in theconduit. However, when the steam flow rate is below the peak value(e.g., as the solar field is starting up after sunrise, shutting downtoward sunset and/or when cloud cover reduces solar insolation), thevelocity of the steam within the steam conduit 118 drops. As thevelocity drops, moisture in the steam is more likely to condense andprecipitate, creating a two-phase flow. The two-phase flow willtypically include slowly moving liquid phase and more rapidly moving gasphase passing over the liquid water. Waves and liquid slugs commonlyform at the interface between the gas phase and the liquid phase, and,as such waves build in amplitude, can produce hammer shocks and/or othereffects that not only further reduce the uniformity of the flow, but canalso cause significant damage to the steam conduit 118 and/or associatedequipment.

An additional drawback associated with sizing the steam conduit 118 tohandle the maximum flow rate of steam at the target steam quality isthat, in at least some embodiments, the conduit can become quite large.For example, in some embodiments, the conduit can exceed 16 inches indiameter. At such diameters, the cost of the conduit itself, and thecost of welding sections of the conduit together can increasedramatically, thereby reducing the cost effectiveness of solar generatedsteam.

One approach to addressing the foregoing potential drawbacks isillustrated in FIG. 1B. FIG. 1B shows a second system 100 b that isgenerally similar to the first system 100 a described above withreference to FIG. 1A, but includes multiple steam conduits 118. Arepresentative number of four steam conduits 118 are illustrated asfirst-fourth steam conduits 118 a-118 d. Each steam conduit 118 caninclude a valve 141 (four are illustrated as first-fourth valves 141a-141 d). At low steam flows, a single steam conduit (e.g., the firststeam conduit 118 a) can be opened to maintain high steam velocity (andtherefore less condensation and precipitation) during system startup,shutdown, and/or periods of high cloud cover. When the output from thesolar field 110 is higher than can be handled by the single steamconduit, the operator (or the system 100 b, operating autonomously orunder the guidance of the operator) can open additional steam conduits.In this manner, each steam line 118 a-118 d can supply steam at arelatively high flow velocity, and the combination of multiple steamlines can produce the target flow rate.

One potential drawback with the arrangement described above withreference to FIG. 1B is that the multiple individual lines can increasethe cost of the system. In particular, each line represents anadditional cost on its own, and each line must be insulated, thus addingto the cost. The additional valving increases system complexity andtypically system cost as well. Furthermore, transmitting steam throughmultiple lines causes greater heat loss than transmitting the sameamount of steam through a larger, single conduit, and therefore reducesthe efficiency with which steam is provided to the target user 170.

FIG. 1C illustrates a third system 100 c configured in accordance withanother embodiment of the present technology to address the foregoingdrawbacks. The system 100 c includes a solar field 110 havingconcentrators 113 and receivers 114 that receive water from thecorresponding working fluid supply 119 and direct steam to a separator130. At the separator 130, the incoming wet steam (which has a qualitysignificantly under 100%) is separated into gas and liquid fractions.The gas or vapor fraction (e.g., dry steam or steam having a quality of95%-99.5%) is directed through a vapor fraction conduit 131, and theliquid fraction (having a quality of 0%) is directed through a liquidfraction conduit 132. The vapor and liquid fractions can travel inparallel paths over the distance L. Prior to reaching the header 161,the flows can be mixed at a mixer 160 to provide steam to the targetuser 170 at the proper quality.

In other embodiments, the two flows are not mixed. For example, only thevapor fraction may be put to a revenue-generating use (e.g., powergeneration or enhanced oil recovery) at the target user 170, while theliquid fraction is disposed of. It may nevertheless be advantageous totransport the liquid fraction to the target user 170 for disposalbecause the user may have other steam generation sources that alsoproduce a liquid fraction that is to be disposed of. For example, thetarget user 170 may have a fossil-fuel-fired boiler that produces avapor flow and a liquid flow. By transporting the liquid fractionproduced by solar energy to the target user 170, the two liquid flowscan be consolidated for disposal, thereby avoiding the need for twoseparate liquid disposal processes (one at the solar field and anotherat the user).

An advantage of the arrangement shown in FIG. 1C is that, because thevapor fraction is delivered via the separate vapor fraction conduit 131,little or no liquid separation occurs in the vapor fraction conduit 131,even over a wide range of flow rates and therefore flow velocities. Forexample, this arrangement is expected to handle a typical daily steamflow rate variation of 7:1 without forming a significant amount ofseparated liquid in the vapor fraction conduit 131. In addition, becausethe liquid fraction is also supplied to the target user 170, the qualityof the steam delivered to the target user 170 can be re-established atthe mixer 160, e.g., without the need for additional steam and/or water.

FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate further details of a representative system 200having a configuration generally similar to that shown in FIG. 1C. Inparticular, FIG. 2A illustrates features of a system having elements thesame as or similar to those on the left side of FIG. 1C, and FIG. 2Billustrates features of the system having elements the same as orsimilar to those on the right side of FIG. 1C.

Beginning with FIG. 2A, the system 200 can include multiple solar fields110, each having a corresponding inlet 111, outlet 112, multipleconcentrators 113, and multiple receivers 114. An inlet header 115delivers water to each of the solar fields 110 from a working fluidsupply 119, as indicated by arrow A. In a particular embodiment, thesystem 200 can include a flow measurement or pH control device 139coupled to the fluid flow network, e.g., at the vapor fraction conduit131. The control device 139 can sense pH, conductivity, steam flow rate,and/or other parameters, and may inject amine or another suitablecorrosion inhibitor compound to manage the alkalinity of the dry steam131 and reduce the likelihood of corrosion in the vapor fraction conduit131. For example, the working fluid supply 119 may include feedwaterwith a high concentration of carbonate. When the carbonate dissociates(e.g., at high temperatures), it releases CO₂ into the vapor fraction.When the vapor fraction condenses (as at least some of it likely will),the condensate and CO₂ can produce carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) which ifunaddressed, can corrode components of the system. In other embodiments,other suitable techniques can be used to monitor and/or control steampH, and the devices used to perform the monitoring/control functions canbe positioned at other locations of the system (e.g., near the mixer160, in addition to or in lieu of near the separator 130).

An outlet header 116 collects steam (e.g., wet steam) from each solarfield 110 and delivers the steam to the separator 130, as indicated byarrow B. A vapor fraction (e.g., dry steam is directed from theseparator to the vapor fraction conduit 131, as indicated by arrow C,and a liquid fraction (removed from the wet steam at the separator 130)is delivered to the liquid fraction conduit 132, as indicated by arrowD. A first valve 241 a controls the flow of steam into the separator130, a second valve 241 b controls the return of water to the workingfluid supply 119, a third valve 241 c controls the flow of vapor in thevapor fraction conduit 131, a fourth valve 241 d controls the flow ofliquid in the liquid fraction conduit 132, and a fifth valve 241 econtrols the return of the liquid from the liquid fraction conduit 132to the working fluid supply 119 or to a system exit. Further details ofthe operation of the foregoing valves are described later.

The system 200 can also include one or more sensors 250 distributed atvarious points throughout the fluid flow network. Representative sensorsinclude a temperature sensor 251, a pressure sensor 252, and a flow ratesensor 253. In other embodiments, the sensors 250 can be of othersuitable types to perform other suitable functions. In any of theseembodiments, the sensors 250 (and/or other data sources) provide inputs181 to a controller 180. The controller 180 processes the inputs 181 andissues outputs 182 for controlling any of a variety of suitable aspectsof the operation of the system 200. Such aspects can includeinstructions for controlling the valves described above.

One feature of an embodiment shown in FIG. 2A is that the solargeneration capability of the system 200 can be distributed over multiplesolar fields 110. As the overall system 200 is being manufactured,individual solar fields 110 may be completed in series, rather than inparallel, in order to provide at least some solar energy early in theprocess of manufacturing the overall system. As each new solar field 110comes online (e.g., changes state from non-operational to operational),the system 200 must handle the additional steam flow rate provided bythe newly operational solar field 110. Accordingly, in addition tohandling daily variations in steam flow rates, the system 200 canaccommodate flow rate variations resulting from different numbers ofsolar fields 110 being operational at any point in time.

FIG. 2A, described above, illustrates features of the system generallyassociated with generating the steam from solar energy at one or moresolar fields. FIG. 2B, which is a continuation of FIG. 2A, illustratesfeatures of the system 200 proximate to the target user 170. Inparticular, FIG. 2B illustrates the vapor fraction conduit 131 and theliquid fraction conduit 132 as they (optionally) join at the mixer 160.In particular embodiments, the mixer 160 can include a simple joint ofthe two conduits. In other embodiments, the mixer 160 can include morecomplex devices that mix the vapor from the vapor fraction conduit 131with the water from the liquid fraction conduit 132 to produce wet steamat a desired quality level.

Two related parameters that can be important for maintaining the targetsteam characteristics (including the mixing of phases) are steam flowvelocity and turbulence level. In particular, directing the wet steam toflow at a high velocity, and a high turbulence level can improve steamuniformity characteristics. To facilitate this approach, the system 200can include a second header 162 and a third header 163 disposed betweenthe mixer 160 and a first header 161. Multiple parallel lines 165(identified as lines 165(1), 165(2), . . . 165(n)) extend between thesecond header 162 and the third header 163, with each line individuallycontrolled by a corresponding line valve 145(1), 145(2) . . . 145(n). Anadditional line 166 can remain open at all times. The individual lines165 can be selectively opened or closed by actuating the correspondingvalves 145 as the wet steam flow increases or decreases. This approachcan be used to maintain a high flow velocity and high level ofturbulence between the mixer 160 and the first header 161, so as toprevent or at least restrict the likelihood for the flow to separateinto a two-phase flow. Because the lines 165 are short and are generallyco-located near the target user 170, the problem of heat loss associatedwith long parallel lines (described above with reference to FIG. 1B) isnot expected to be an issue.

The vapor fraction conduit 131 and/or the liquid fraction conduit 132can include a bypass line and corresponding valves. For example, thevapor fraction conduit 131 can include a main vapor fraction valve 242a, a vapor fraction bypass line 234, and an associated vapor fractionbypass valve 242 b. The liquid fraction conduit 132 can include a mainliquid fraction valve 243 a, a liquid fraction bypass line 235, and anassociated conduit bypass valve 243 b. During overall system startupoperations, the bypass valves 242 b, 243 b are opened and the bypasslines 234, 235 route flow around the main valves 242 a, 243 a. Duringnormal day and nighttime operation, described further below, the mainvalves 242 a, 243 a remain open.

The typically daily operation of the overall system 200 is describedfurther below with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B. During the middle ofthe day, the vapor fraction conduit 131 contains (e.g., is filled with)vapor, and the liquid fraction conduit 132 contains (e.g., is filledwith) water. As the sun sets, the flow rate of vapor through the vaporfraction conduit 131 slows, but, because the vapor is dry (or has aquality of at least 95% at the separator 130), liquid water does notprecipitate despite the reduced vapor flow velocity. The flow rate ofliquid water through the liquid fraction conduit 132 also slows. Whenthe solar fields 110 shut down for the day (e.g., inactive), a smallflow of steam from the additional steam source 171 is directed backwardsthrough the vapor fraction conduit 131 to the separator 130 to keep thevapor fraction conduit 131 warm overnight.

At the end of the day, the liquid fraction conduit 132 can be drained soas to avoid starting up the next morning with a large mass of coldwater. In particular, the water in the liquid fraction line 132 can bedirected from the liquid fraction conduit 132 through the fifth valve241 e where it is either dumped, or directed through the second valve241 b into the working fluid supply 119. Removing the water from theliquid fraction conduit 132 eliminates the need to keep the water warmovernight. Instead, steam from the additional steam source 171 can bedirected backward through the liquid fraction conduit 132 at night tokeep it warm, e.g., in generally the same manner discussed above for thevapor fraction line 131.

As operation begins the following morning, water is initially directedfrom the working fluid supply 119 through the solar fields 110, and backto the solar fields 110 via the first and second valves 241 a, 241 buntil the target steam quality is achieved. As the solar fields 110increase in temperature, the controller 180 can fill the liquid fractionconduit 132 with hot water so that an ample supply of hot water isavailable for remixing at the mixer 160 when vapor begins flowingthrough the vapor fraction conduit 131. Accordingly, the liquid fractionconduit 132 can have a relatively small diameter to reduce the amount oftime required to fill it with hot water during the daily startupprocess. Another approach, which can be used in addition to or in lieuof the small diameter liquid fraction line, is to begin directing wetsteam to the separator 130 well before the target steam quality to bedelivered to the target user 170 is achieved. For example, if the targetsteam quality for the target user 170 is 80%, the process can includedirecting steam to the separator when the quality is only 50%. Theresulting high liquid fraction flow (due to the low quality of steamentering the separator 130) will quickly fill the liquid fraction line132. As the quality of the steam produced at the solar fields increases,the first valve 241 a directs (or continues to direct) steam to theseparator 130. The separator 130 directs vapor through the vaporfraction conduit 131, and liquid fraction through the liquid fractionconduit 132. The mixer 160 then re-mixes the separate phases fordelivery to the target user 170.

One feature of at least some of the embodiments described above withreference to FIGS. 1C-2B is that the arrangement of separators 130 andmixers 160 can provide a target steam quality to the target user 170despite widely varying steam flow rates produced by the solar fields110. For example, in a representative embodiment, the vapor fractionconduit 131 can handle a vapor flow rate variation of about 28:1 withoutproducing two-phase flow. Accordingly, the system can begin deliveringdry steam when the dry steam output of the separator 130 is only about3.5% of the peak capacity of the vapor fraction conduit 131. Asdiscussed above, the variation can be a daily variation as solarinsolation changes, and/or a variation in the number of available solarfields. As described above, the number of available solar fields canvary as a result of a serial construction schedule. The number and/oroutput of available solar fields can alternatively or additionally varybased on routine and/or unplanned maintenance activities. In any of theforegoing cases, the improved ability of the system 200 to provide steamat the target quality level despite (a) system variations and (b) thelong distance between the solar field(s) 110 and the target user 170,improves the overall efficiency with which steam is provided to thetarget user 170 and/or reduces the cost with which such steam isprovided.

FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate the results from a simulation used to predict theoutput of a solar field with one output line (handling water in bothgaseous and liquid phases) and two output lines (one handling vapor andthe other handling liquid water). The simulation was run at conditionssimulating a high output day, an average output day, and a low outputday, as discussed below.

FIG. 3A illustrates a graph 300 a of total output from a solar module(in tons of steam per hour) as a function of time of day. Region 301 aillustrates the output for the solar field when coupled to a singleoutput line, which has a minimum steam capacity 310 of 61 tons per hour.The solar field begins exporting steam shortly after 8:30 a.m. at alevel that exceeds the minimum flow rate, and stops shortly after 3:30p.m. when the output flow rate falls below the minimum value. Region 302a (in lighter gray) is the expected additional output available when thesingle output line is replaced with a dry steam line and a separatewater line. Accordingly, region 302 a indicates the additional amount ofsteam output that results from not being constrained by the minimum flowvalue of 61 tons per hour.

FIG. 3B is a graph 300 b illustrating similar results on an averageoutput day, rather than a high output day. Region 301 b illustrates theoutput available with a single output line, and regions 302 b illustratethe additional output available when a dry steam line and separate waterline are substituted for the single output line.

FIG. 3C illustrates a graph 300 c simulating the results for a lowoutput day. As shown by the graph 300 c, the output 301 c available froma single output line is significantly enhanced by the additional outputs302 c available when the single output line is replaced with a dry steamline and a separate water line. Taken together FIGS. 3A-3C illustratethe additional output available from a given solar field when a singleoutput line is a replaced with separate dry steam line and water line.FIGS. 3A-3C also indicate that the amount of the output increase, bothas a percentage of the total and as an absolute value, increases as theoverall output of the solar field decreases.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments ofthe disclosed technology have been described herein for purposes ofillustration, but that various modifications may be made withoutdeviating from the technology. For example, the solar fields describedabove are illustrated schematically as including trough-shaped,mirror-based solar concentrators. In other embodiments, the solarcollection systems can include other types of solar collectors,including, but not limited to, point-source collectors, power-towerarrangements, dish-shaped collectors, and/or linear Fresnel collectors.Particular embodiments of the systems described above were described inthe context of water as a working fluid. In other embodiments, thesystems can operate in a generally similar manner using a differentworking fluid (e.g., a molten salt) that exchanges heat with water tocreate steam.

Certain aspects of the technology described in the context of particularembodiments may be combined or eliminated in other embodiments. Forexample, the degree to which the overall operation of the systemsdescribed above as automated can vary from one embodiment to another.Furthermore, particular embodiments of the disclosed technology weredescribed in the context of solar EOR operations. In other embodiments,the same or generally similar technology can be applied to other typesof operations that use solar-generated steam. Representative operationsinclude electrical power generation and facility heating.

Still further, while advantages associated with certain embodiments ofthe disclosed technology have been described in the context of thoseembodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and notall embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall withinthe scope of the present technology. Accordingly, the present disclosureand associated technology can encompass other embodiments not expresslyshown or described herein.

To the extent any materials incorporated herein by reference conflictwith the present disclosure, the present disclosure controls.

I/We claim:
 1. A method for providing solar-heated steam to a targetuser, comprising: heating water to steam at a solar field; separating aliquid fraction from the steam; directing a vapor fraction of the steamtoward the target user via a first, vapor fraction conduit; anddirecting the liquid fraction toward the target user in parallel withthe vapor fraction via a second, liquid fraction conduit.
 2. The methodof claim 1, further comprising mixing the at least part of the liquidfraction and at least part of the vapor fraction to form a steammixture, before delivering the steam mixture to the target user.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising disposing of the liquid fractionwithout mixing at least part of the liquid fraction and at least part ofthe vapor fraction to form a steam mixture.
 4. The method of claim 1,further comprising: mixing at least part of the liquid fraction withadditional liquid water at the target user to form a water mixture; anddisposing of the water mixture.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein thesolar field includes at least one receiver carrying water, and at leastone concentrator positioned to concentrate solar radiation on the atleast one receiver.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the vapor fractionis dry, non-superheated steam.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein thevapor fraction has a quality of 95% or higher upon separation.
 8. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the vapor fraction has a quality of 90% orhigher immediately prior to mixing.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein thesolar field is a first solar field, and wherein the method furthercomprises: after a period of time, changing a state of a second solarfield from a non-operational state to an operational state; and withboth the first and second solar fields in an operational state:directing vapor fractions from both the first and second solar fieldstoward the user via the vapor fraction conduit; and directing liquidfractions from both the first and second solar fields toward the uservia the liquid fraction conduit.
 10. The method of claim 1 whereinheating water to steam includes heating water to steam at a first rateand a second rate that is at least seven times the first rate, andwherein directing the vapor fraction includes directing the vaporfraction at both the first and second rates without separating liquidfrom vapor in the vapor fraction conduit.
 11. The method of claim 1wherein a flow rate of the vapor fraction varies from a first rate to asecond rate at least 28 times the first rate, and wherein directing thevapor fraction includes directing the vapor fraction at both the firstand second rates without separating liquid from vapor in the vaporfraction conduit.
 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising drainingliquid from the liquid fraction conduit when the solar field isinactive.
 13. A solar steam generation system, comprising: a solar fieldhaving a water inlet and a steam outlet; a separator coupled to thesteam outlet to separate a liquid fraction from steam received from thesteam outlet; a vapor fraction conduit coupled to the separator toreceive a vapor fraction from the separator, the vapor fraction conduitbeing positioned between the separator and a target steam user; and aliquid fraction conduit coupled to the separator in parallel with thevapor fraction conduit to receive the liquid fraction from theseparator, the liquid fraction conduit being positioned between theseparator and the target steam user.
 14. The system of claim 13, furthercomprising: a mixer coupled to the vapor fraction conduit and the liquidfraction conduit downstream of the separator and upstream of the targetsteam user to receive and mix the steam and liquid fraction; and atarget user supply conduit coupled between the mixer and the targetsteam user.
 15. The system of claim 13, further comprising a controlleroperatively coupled to the vapor fraction conduit and the liquidfraction conduit, and programmed with instructions that, when executed:direct steam from the user toward the separator via the vapor fractionconduit when the solar field is inactive.
 16. The system of claim 13,further comprising a controller operatively coupled to the vaporfraction conduit and the liquid fraction conduit, and programmed withinstructions that, when executed: direct steam from the user toward theseparator via the liquid fraction conduit when the solar field isinactive.
 17. The system of claim 13 wherein the user is spaced apartfrom the separator by a distance of at least 200 meters.
 18. The systemof claim 13 wherein the user is spaced apart from the separator by adistance of at least 500 meters.
 19. The system of claim 13 wherein theuser is spaced apart from the separator by a distance of at least 1000meters.
 20. The system of claim 13 wherein the target user includes anenhanced oil recovery facility.
 21. The system of claim 13, furthercomprising: a mixer coupled to the vapor fraction conduit and the liquidfraction conduit downstream of the separator and upstream of the targetsteam user to receive and mix the steam and liquid fraction; two headerscoupled to and positioned downstream of the mixer; and a plurality offluid conduits coupled in parallel between the two headers.
 22. Thesystem of claim 21 wherein the fluid conduits are sized to produce ormaintain turbulent flow.